Cancer develops due to a series of molecular and genetic alterations that disrupt normal regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. One of the key molecular mechanisms of cancer is activation of oncogenes, which are mutated or overexpressed forms of normal proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell proliferation. Along with this, inactivation or loss of tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and RB removes critical cell-cycle checkpoints, allowing damaged cells to continue dividing. Defects in DNA repair mechanisms further contribute to genomic instability, leading to accumulation of mutations that drive cancer progression.
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