Immuno-oncology and Cancer Vaccines focus on harnessing the body’s immune system to detect and eliminate cancer cells. Immuno-oncology involves therapies that stimulate or restore the immune system’s ability to fight cancer, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and monoclonal antibodies. These treatments have shown remarkable success in certain cancers by blocking pathways that tumors use to avoid immune detection. Cancer vaccines are designed to prevent or treat cancer by triggering an immune response against tumor-specific antigens. Preventive vaccines, like the HPV vaccine, protect against virus-related cancers, while therapeutic vaccines aim to train the immune system to target existing cancer cells. Together, these approaches represent a major advancement in personalized cancer treatment, offering improved survival and long-term disease control with fewer side effects.