The Tumor microenvironment refers to the complex and dynamic environment surrounding cancer cells, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, progression, and response to therapy. It consists of various non-cancerous components such as immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and signaling molecules like cytokines and growth factors. Cancer cells interact continuously with these components, modifying the microenvironment to support their survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and altered metabolism within the tumor microenvironment further promote tumor aggressiveness and resistance to treatment.
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