Head and Neck Surgery is a critical subspecialty within otolaryngology that focuses on the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and reconstruction of benign and malignant conditions affecting the head and neck region. This includes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands, thyroid, and skin, as well as complex trauma, congenital anomalies, and vascular malformations. The field integrates advanced surgical techniques such as transoral robotic surgery (TORS), microvascular free flap reconstruction, and endoscopic approaches to minimize invasiveness and improve functional outcomes. Surgeons work closely with oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and rehabilitation specialists to deliver multidisciplinary care. Emphasis is also placed on preserving speech, swallowing, and cosmetic integrity. Current research explores personalized oncology, immunotherapy, and outcomes-based surgical innovation to enhance survival rates and patient quality of life.