Molecular oncology is a branch of cancer research and medicine that focuses on understanding cancer at the molecular and genetic levels. It studies how genetic mutations, altered signaling pathways, and abnormal gene expression lead to the development, progression, and spread of cancer. This field plays a crucial role in identifying biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment response. Molecular oncology also supports the development of targeted therapies that specifically attack cancer cells based on their molecular profile, minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing, gene expression profiling, and molecular imaging are commonly used. The insights gained help in designing personalized treatment strategies, improving outcomes, and reducing side effects. Molecular oncology bridges basic research and clinical practice, contributing significantly to modern cancer diagnosis and therapy.