Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells capable of differentiating into various mesodermal lineages, including bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue. Originally isolated from bone marrow, MSCs have since been identified in numerous tissues such as adipose tissue, umbilical cord, dental pulp, and placenta. Renowned for their regenerative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties, MSCs are widely studied for therapeutic applications in musculoskeletal repair, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and wound healing. Research focuses on their mechanisms of action, including paracrine signaling and extracellular vesicle release. MSCs are attractive for clinical use due to their low immunogenicity and ease of isolation and expansion. Ongoing investigations aim to optimize delivery methods, enhance survival post-transplantation, and ensure consistent potency, making MSCs central to the future of cell-based regenerative therapies.