Environmental Monitoring and Risk Assessment are critical for evaluating and managing the impact of environmental contaminants on ecosystems and human health. Environmental monitoring involves the regular observation, sampling, and analysis of environmental media such as air, water, soil, and biota to detect pollutants and assess environmental quality over time. It helps identify pollution sources, evaluate regulatory compliance, and track changes due to natural or human activities. Risk assessment is a structured process used to determine the potential adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological hazards. It includes hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response evaluation, and risk characterization. Together, these tools guide decision-making, support environmental policy, and enable timely interventions. They play a vital role in pollution control, resource protection, and ensuring long-term environmental and public health safety.