Gene Expression and Regulation

Gene expression and regulation examine how genes are activated or silenced to produce functional products such as proteins and RNA molecules. This dynamic process is essential for cell differentiation, development, metabolic balance, and adaptation to environmental changes. Techniques like RNA sequencing, microarrays, and single-cell transcriptomics allow researchers to measure expression levels and uncover regulatory networks controlling biological pathways. Epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA activity play a vital role in modulating gene activity without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Dysregulation of gene expression contributes to diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndromes, and neurodegenerative conditions.

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