Pharmacogenomics studies how genetic variations influence an individual’s response to medications, enabling safer, more effective, and personalized drug therapy. By analyzing genes involved in drug absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion, researchers identify biomarkers that predict whether a patient will respond well, poorly, or adversely to specific treatments. This field plays a pivotal role in optimizing dosages, reducing side effects, and selecting the most suitable medications for conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorders, and chronic illnesses. Pharmacogenomic insights help prevent adverse drug reactions one of the leading causes of hospitalizations worldwide and support the development of tailored treatment plans.