Genetics and heredity form the foundation of genomic science, exploring how traits, characteristics, and diseases are transmitted from one generation to the next. This field examines DNA structure, gene function, genetic variations, and the mechanisms that regulate gene expression. Through advanced sequencing technologies and molecular tools, researchers analyze hereditary patterns and identify mutations responsible for rare and common disorders. Understanding the genetic basis of disease enhances early diagnosis, informs personalized treatment approaches, and enables predictive risk assessments. Modern genetics integrates classical Mendelian principles with population genetics, epigenetics, and genomic analytics to reveal complex inheritance models and gene–environment interactions.